![]() Beck posited that there are several cognitive layers implicated in the onset and maintenance of depression. Beck’s seminal cognitive theory was first to formalize hypotheses regarding the role of cognitions in depression. Negative self-referent cognitions have long been theorized to be central to the experience of depression. Depression is a heterogenous disorder, and several combinations of these symptoms could be placed under the same diagnostic umbrella of depression. – have persisted for two or more weeks and have caused significant distress or impairment. According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5, ), major depression is a condition wherein symptoms – low-mood, lack of pleasure in otherwise enjoyable activities, disruptions in sleep and appetite, low energy, poor concentration, suicidal thoughts, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt, etc. ![]() In the following, we (a) briefly review the literature on the cognitive model of depression, the centrality of cognitions to cognitive therapy for the disorder, and on emotion regulation strategies and their use and consequences across cultures, and (b) present an empirical study examining whether predictions of the cognitive model hold cross-continentally.ĭepression is a multifaceted condition, typified by behavioral, affective, cognitive, and somatic symptoms. Accordingly, the present study examined the validity of central hypotheses related to the cognitive model of depression among people living on four continents: Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. The theoretical underpinnings of treatments such as CBT have seldom been examined among people living in non-Western nations, or among people of non-European decent. Fortunately, there are many efficacious treatments for depression, including cognitive-behavioral therapy. Latest estimates from the World Health Organization place depression as the world’s leading cause of disability. Negative thoughts appear to be associated with depression in all regions of the world, cementing this construct as a hallmark feature of the disorder.ĭepression is a highly prevalent and disabling mental health condition. Results of this study offer preliminary cross-continental support for foundational hypotheses of the cognitive model of depression. Further, use of emotional suppression strategies to regulate emotion (ERQ-Suppression) was moderately and positively associated with depressive symptoms among people on all four continents, while use of cognitive-reappraisal (ERQ-Reappraisal) was not systematically associated with depressive symptoms. Resultsĭepressive symptoms were positively and strongly correlated with negative automatic thoughts about self (ATQ-N), and moderately associated with dysfunctional attitudes (DAS) among people living on the four continents. In the present study, we used the alignment method to minimize measurement bias to examine several central hypotheses of the cognitive model among adults living on four continents ( n = 752): North America ( n = 103 female = 29.1%), Europe ( n = 404 female = 36.4%), South America ( n = 108 female = 18.5%), and Asia ( n = 136 female = 19.9%). Beck and other scholars established the theoretical foundations of CBT among North American populations, yet surprisingly few studies have examined central hypotheses of the cognitive model of depression among people living in non-Western regions. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the most widely tested and empirically supported psychological treatments for depression.
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